Understanding Why Your Motorola Phone Is Locked

When you find yourself locked out of your Motorola phone, it's a frustrating experience, but often solvable. The primary reasons for being locked out fall into two main categories: a forgotten screen lock (PIN, pattern, or password) or a Google Account lock, commonly known as Factory Reset Protection (FRP). Recognizing which scenario you are facing is crucial, as the recovery methods differ significantly. Your device might also be stuck on a startup screen, preventing you from entering any credentials at all, which can stem from software glitches or failed updates.

  • Screen locks protect your data from unauthorized access.
  • Google Account lock (FRP) activates after a factory reset without signing out.
  • Software issues can sometimes prevent startup or access.
  • Each lock type requires a distinct approach for resolution.

Your Motorola phone's security features are designed to protect your personal information if the device is lost or stolen. However, these same features can temporarily prevent you from accessing your own device if you forget your credentials or if the device behaves unexpectedly. This article will guide you through the common scenarios and the procedural steps to resolve them, helping you get back into your Motorola smartphone.

Why Screen Locks Matter

The PIN, pattern, or password you set is the first line of defense for your personal data. These locks prevent anyone from accessing your photos, messages, banking apps, and other sensitive information if they physically obtain your phone. Motorola devices, like most Android smartphones, offer robust security options for this purpose. However, the more secure the lock, the more critical it is to remember or securely store your credentials.

What is Factory Reset Protection (FRP)?

Factory Reset Protection, or FRP, is a security feature tied to your Google account. It is automatically enabled when you sign into a Google account on your Android device. If your phone is factory reset through recovery mode or certain settings, FRP will require you to enter the Google account username and password that was previously synced with the device to prove ownership. This prevents a thief from simply wiping the phone and using it. If you've forgotten the associated Google account credentials, this lock can be as problematic as a forgotten screen lock, requiring specific steps to bypass or recover.

When the Phone Won't Even Start

Sometimes, the problem isn't a forgotten password but a phone that is unresponsive or stuck during the boot process. This can happen after a software update that goes wrong, a critical app crash, or sometimes due to hardware issues. If your Motorola phone is stuck on the startup screen (often displaying the Motorola logo), you won't even get to the point of entering a PIN or password. Addressing this usually involves troubleshooting steps that aim to restart the device correctly or clear temporary system errors.

Resolving a Forgotten Motorola Screen Lock (PIN, Pattern, Password)

If you've forgotten your Motorola phone's screen lock PIN, pattern, or password, the method to regain access often involves a data-wiping factory reset. This is because the device's security architecture is designed to prevent unauthorized access, meaning there's no simple 'forgot password' option directly on the lock screen itself for pattern or PIN locks that would preserve data. The most direct, albeit destructive, method to clear a forgotten screen lock is to perform a factory data reset through the phone's recovery mode.

Performing a Factory Data Reset via Recovery Mode

This process will erase all data from your phone, including apps, photos, videos, contacts, and settings. It is only recommended if you have no other option and are prepared to lose any unsaved information. Ensure your phone is charged sufficiently (at least 50%) before starting, as the process can take some time and you do not want the device to shut down mid-reset.

  1. Power Off Your Motorola Phone: If your phone is frozen or unresponsive, you may need to hold the Power button for an extended period (10-30 seconds) until it shuts down.
  2. Enter Recovery Mode: With the phone powered off, press and hold the Volume Down button and the Power button simultaneously for a few seconds. Release the buttons when you see the bootloader menu or Android robot image.
  3. Navigate to Recovery Mode: Use the Volume Down button to highlight 'Recovery Mode' and press the Power button to select it. If your device shows an Android robot with a red exclamation mark, press and hold the Power button, then tap Volume Up once, and release both. This should bring up the recovery menu.
  4. Wipe Data/Factory Reset: Once in recovery mode, use the Volume buttons to navigate to 'Wipe data/factory reset' and press the Power button to confirm.
  5. Confirm Reset: You will likely be asked to confirm. Select 'Factory data reset' and press the Power button. The process will begin, and you'll see messages indicating progress.
  6. Reboot System: After the reset is complete, select 'Reboot system now' and press the Power button. Your phone will restart. It will be in its original factory state, and you'll need to set it up again as if it were new.

After the reset, you will be prompted to set up your phone. If you had previously signed into a Google Account, you will be asked for those credentials to bypass FRP, which is discussed next.

When You Have a Google Account Lock (FRP)

If you performed a factory reset and are now prompted to enter the previous Google account details, this is FRP. You must enter the correct Google account email and password that was synced with the device before the reset. If you've forgotten these credentials, you need to recover your Google Account first. Visit the official Google Account recovery page (google.com/accounts/recovery) and follow the prompts. This process might involve answering security questions, providing a recovery email or phone number, or waiting for a verification period. Without successfully logging into the previously linked Google account, you cannot activate the phone after a FRP-locked reset.

Before attempting a factory reset, check if you have any recent backups of your data on Google Drive or other cloud services. This can help you restore important information after the reset is complete.

It is important to note that attempting to bypass FRP through unofficial methods or third-party tools can be risky, potentially voiding your warranty or even bricking your device, and may involve security vulnerabilities. Always prioritize official Google account recovery first.

Alternative Data Recovery for Forgotten Locks

For older Android versions or specific Motorola models, sometimes there was a 'Forgot Pattern/PIN' option that appeared after multiple incorrect attempts, linking to your Google account. This is largely phased out in favor of FRP. If your phone is connected to Wi-Fi and you can access your Google account, you might have luck using the 'Find My Device' feature from Google (google.com/android/find) to remotely erase your device. This is essentially the same outcome as a manual factory reset but initiated online. Select your device, click 'Erase device,' and follow the instructions. Again, this will delete all data.

The only official way to bypass a forgotten screen lock on most modern Motorola phones without the correct credentials is by performing a factory data reset, which erases all data.

Troubleshooting a Motorola Phone Stuck on Startup

When your Motorola phone refuses to move beyond the initial startup screen, it often signals a software issue or a corrupted system file. This can be particularly alarming because it prevents you from accessing any part of the operating system, including settings or recovery menus. Fortunately, several systematic troubleshooting steps can help resolve this common problem and get your device booting correctly again.

Force Restart Your Device

The simplest solution for many temporary glitches is a forced restart. This is different from a regular reboot, as it cuts power to the system more abruptly, clearing out minor software conflicts. For most Motorola phones, you can perform a forced restart by pressing and holding the Power button for an extended period, typically between 10 to 30 seconds, until the device vibrates and restarts. If this doesn't work, try holding the Power button and Volume Down button simultaneously for the same duration.

Boot into Safe Mode

Safe Mode starts your phone with only the essential system software, disabling all third-party applications. If your phone boots successfully into Safe Mode, it indicates that a downloaded app is likely causing the startup issue. To enter Safe Mode on most Motorola phones, you'll need to start with a forced restart. Once the Motorola logo appears, release the Power button but continue holding the Volume Down button. Keep holding Volume Down until the phone finishes booting and you see 'Safe mode' in the bottom-left corner of the screen. If the phone boots normally in Safe Mode, you can then uninstall recently installed or suspicious apps one by one, restarting the phone normally after each uninstallation, until you find the culprit.

Clear Cache Partition

Sometimes, corrupted cache files can prevent a phone from booting properly. Clearing the cache partition is a process performed through the recovery menu and does not erase your personal data. The steps are similar to initiating a factory reset:

  1. Power off your Motorola phone.
  2. Press and hold the Volume Down and Power buttons simultaneously until the bootloader menu appears.
  3. Use the Volume buttons to navigate to 'Recovery Mode' and press the Power button to select it.
  4. Once the Android robot appears (possibly with an exclamation mark), press and hold the Power button, then tap Volume Up once.
  5. In the recovery menu, use the Volume buttons to highlight 'Wipe cache partition' and press the Power button to confirm.
  6. Once the process is complete, select 'Reboot system now'.

This action can resolve issues caused by outdated or corrupted temporary system files without affecting your user data.

If your phone has specific screen issues, like a cracked or unresponsive display, it might prevent proper interaction with touch controls needed for these menus. In such cases, external tools or professional repair might be necessary. For motorola razr screen issues, specific troubleshooting involving the foldable display might be required, often best addressed by manufacturer support if hardware is suspected.

When to Consider a Full Factory Reset

If none of the above steps resolve the startup issue, a full factory data reset via recovery mode might be necessary. As detailed previously, this will erase all your data and revert the phone to its original settings. This is a last resort when software issues prevent normal operation and data backups are unavailable or insufficient.

A phone stuck on the startup screen often indicates a software glitch that can be resolved through basic restarts or more advanced recovery mode options.

Understanding Google Account Lock (FRP) Details

Factory Reset Protection (FRP) is a critical security layer on Android devices, including Motorola phones, designed to deter theft. It's activated automatically when you sign in with a Google Account. Its primary function is to ensure that only the legitimate owner can set up the device after a factory reset. If your Motorola phone displays a prompt asking for the previously used Google Account and password after a reset, you are dealing with FRP. Recovering access hinges entirely on your ability to verify ownership of that Google account.

How FRP Works and When It Activates

FRP becomes active the moment you add a Google account to your Motorola phone. This account is then associated with the device's unique hardware ID. When the phone undergoes a factory data reset (either through settings, or more commonly, via recovery mode), FRP is triggered upon the subsequent boot-up. The device will present a screen typically stating "Verify your account" or "This device was reset. To continue, sign in with a Google Account that was previously synced on this device." If you cannot provide the exact email and password of that account, the phone remains locked.

The Importance of Google Account Recovery

If you've forgotten the password or even the email address associated with the Google account linked to your locked Motorola phone, your first and most crucial step is to go through Google's official account recovery process. Visit the Google Account Recovery page ([google.com/accounts/recovery](https://accounts.google.com/signin/recovery)). You will be guided through a series of questions designed to verify your identity. This might include providing your last known password, answering security questions, entering a verification code sent to a recovery phone number, or providing a recovery email address. Be prepared to provide as much accurate information as possible, as this significantly increases your chances of regaining access to your account.

It is crucial to attempt Google Account recovery through official channels only. Unofficial methods or third-party services claiming to bypass FRP often employ risky techniques that can compromise your device's security or lead to permanent damage. They are not supported by Motorola or Google and may also violate terms of service.

What If You Can't Recover Your Google Account?

If, despite your best efforts, you cannot recover your Google account, regaining access to the Motorola phone becomes exceedingly difficult, often impossible without proof of purchase. If you are the original purchaser of the phone, you can contact Motorola Support. They may be able to assist you if you can provide valid proof of ownership, such as an original receipt with the device's IMEI number. This process typically involves submitting documentation and waiting for their assessment. If you are not the original owner and cannot obtain the necessary account details or proof of purchase, you may unfortunately find yourself unable to use the device.

Can You Remove a SIM Card to Bypass FRP?

Removing the SIM card from your Motorola phone does not bypass FRP. FRP is directly linked to your Google account and the device's software, not the cellular connection. While a SIM card is necessary for many phone functions, its presence or absence has no bearing on the FRP lock screen. Similarly, removing the SIM card does not affect a forgotten screen lock. The process for overcoming either lock is independent of SIM card status.

Understanding how FRP works highlights why maintaining accurate and accessible recovery information for your Google account is paramount for Android device security. If you're curious about motorola razr screen issues, it's important to note that FRP applies universally across Motorola models, including the Razr line, regardless of unique hardware features.

Precautionary Measures and Data Backups

Being locked out of your Motorola phone is a significant inconvenience, but taking proactive steps can dramatically reduce the likelihood of facing data loss or prolonged lockout periods. Establishing robust backup routines and securely managing your account credentials are the cornerstones of preventing such issues. These preventative measures ensure that even if you face a device malfunction or forget a password, your important data remains accessible and your phone can be restored relatively easily.

Regularly Back Up Your Motorola Phone Data

Consistent backups are your primary safeguard against data loss. Motorola phones, running on Android, integrate seamlessly with Google services. You should leverage these tools:

  • Google Photos: Automatically backs up your photos and videos to the cloud. Ensure it's enabled and set to Wi-Fi backup to conserve mobile data.
  • Google Drive: Can back up app data, call history, contacts, and device settings. You can typically configure this within your phone's main 'Settings' menu, often under 'System' or 'Backup'.
  • Contacts: Ensure your contacts are synced with your Google Account. They will automatically be restored when you sign back into your account on a new or reset device.

Beyond Google's ecosystem, consider using third-party backup apps or connecting your phone to a computer via USB to manually transfer files like photos, videos, and documents. The specific backup options available can depend on your Motorola model and Android version.

Securely Manage Your Passwords and Accounts

The most common cause of being locked out is forgetting a password or PIN. To mitigate this:

  • Use a Password Manager: Invest in a reputable password manager. These tools generate strong, unique passwords for all your accounts and securely store them, allowing you to access them with a single master password.
  • Enable Biometrics: If your Motorola phone supports fingerprint scanning or face unlock, use these features for daily access. They are fast and convenient, but always have a PIN or pattern as a backup in case biometrics fail or need re-authentication after a restart.
  • Record Recovery Information: Keep a secure, offline record of your important account recovery details, such as backup email addresses and phone numbers. For your Google account, this is vital for FRP.

Never rely on writing passwords on sticky notes or in easily accessible digital files.

What to Do If You Suspect a Hardware Issue

While software is the usual culprit for lockouts or startup failures, hardware problems can also play a role. For instance, if your Motorola phone's screen is damaged, it might lead to an unresponsive touch screen that prevents you from entering your PIN or pattern. Similarly, issues with the power button could hinder your ability to enter recovery mode. If you suspect a hardware failure is contributing to your inability to access your phone, it's best to consult a professional repair service or contact Motorola support. They can diagnose and fix physical damage, distinguishing it from software-related lockouts.

Proactive management of your data and credentials is far more effective than reactive troubleshooting. By implementing these precautionary measures, you can significantly enhance your preparedness for common lockout scenarios, ensuring your Motorola phone remains accessible and your data secure.

When to Seek Professional Motorola Support

While many lock-out scenarios on your Motorola phone can be resolved through self-help steps like factory resets or account recovery, there are times when professional assistance is not just helpful, but necessary. If you've exhausted all standard troubleshooting methods or suspect a deeper, more complex issue, contacting Motorola support or a certified repair technician is the most prudent course of action to avoid further complications or potential damage to your device.

Identifying When to Contact Motorola Support

You should consider reaching out to Motorola's official support channels if:

  • You are unable to perform a factory reset via recovery mode, perhaps due to a hardware issue with the buttons or an unresponsive screen.
  • You have successfully recovered your Google Account but the phone continues to exhibit FRP issues or won't proceed past the verification screen.
  • Your phone is stuck in a boot loop despite attempting all software troubleshooting steps, suggesting a critical system corruption or hardware fault.
  • You suspect a hardware problem, such as a damaged display, faulty buttons, or internal component failure, is preventing access.
  • You are the original owner and have valid proof of purchase, but cannot recover your Google account and need to explore official warranty or repair options.

Motorola's official support can provide specific guidance for your device model and may offer repair services.

What to Prepare Before Contacting Support

To make your interaction with Motorola support as efficient as possible, gather the following information:

  • Your Motorola phone's exact model number: This is often found on the original box or sometimes on a sticker underneath the battery (if removable) or in the device's initial setup information.
  • The device's IMEI number: You can usually find this by dialing *#06# on the phone's dialer if it's accessible, or often printed on the original packaging.
  • A clear description of the problem: Detail exactly what happens, when it started, and what troubleshooting steps you have already taken.
  • Proof of purchase: An original sales receipt or invoice showing the phone's purchase date and IMEI is often required if you're requesting service under warranty or seeking help with account-related locks.

Choosing a Certified Repair Service

If your phone is out of warranty, or if Motorola support directs you to a repair service, opt for certified repair centers. These technicians have specialized knowledge and tools for Motorola devices, including specific troubleshooting for issues like motorola razr screen issues or other unique model challenges. Using an unauthorized repair shop can sometimes lead to further problems or invalidate any remaining warranty. Ensure they use genuine parts and have a clear warranty on their own repair work.

Professional support ensures that complex issues are handled by experts, preventing further damage and offering the best chance of restoring your Motorola phone's functionality and accessibility.

Understanding Common Motorola Lockout Scenarios

Navigating a locked Motorola phone often involves understanding the specific scenario you're facing. While the core reasons—forgotten passwords or account locks—are common across Android devices, the nuances of Motorola's implementation and user experience can present unique challenges. Being aware of these common situations helps in quickly identifying the problem and applying the correct solution.

The 'Forgot PIN/Pattern' Dilemma

This is arguably the most frequent reason users find themselves locked out. You set a PIN or pattern for security, and over time, it slips your mind. Modern Android versions, including those on Motorola phones, prioritize security, meaning there's no built-in 'forgot password' link directly on the lock screen that allows data recovery. Instead, multiple failed attempts will usually temporarily disable input, and eventually, you'll be directed towards a factory reset. Some older devices might have offered a 'Forgot Pattern?' option after several incorrect tries, linking to your Google account, but this is rare now.

Factory Reset Protection (FRP) Confusion

As discussed, FRP is a security measure linked to your Google account. It's often encountered after a device is factory reset without the user first signing out of their Google account. A common mistake is using an old or incorrect Google account to try and bypass FRP, especially if the phone has been passed between users or if the original owner set it up and forgot to remove their account before selling it. This lock is robust and requires the precise Google account credentials used during the device's initial setup.

Software Glitches and Boot Loops

Sometimes, the phone isn't locked by a forgotten PIN, but rather, it's stuck in a cycle of attempting to start up and failing. This is known as a boot loop. Such issues can arise from failed software updates, corrupted system files, or conflicts with newly installed apps. A phone stuck on the Motorola logo or displaying the boot animation indefinitely is effectively locked out, requiring specific troubleshooting steps to break the cycle, often starting with a forced restart or entering recovery mode.

Troubleshooting a boot loop often requires patience and systematic step-by-step execution.

FRP Bypass Myths vs. Reality

The internet is rife with tutorials and videos claiming to offer simple FRP bypass methods for various phone models, including Motorola. It's crucial to understand that many of these methods are outdated, model-specific, or even malicious. They may involve exploiting security vulnerabilities that are patched in newer software versions, or they might trick users into downloading malware. Relying on official channels and proven recovery methods is always the safest and most effective approach. For example, if you're dealing with motorola razr screen issues, the FRP process remains standard, but any proposed bypasses should be scrutinized heavily.

Understanding these common scenarios helps demystify the lockout process and guides users toward the most appropriate and secure resolution paths.

Post-Recovery Setup and Security Best Practices

After successfully regaining access to your Motorola phone following a lockout situation, the immediate task is to set up your device and data. This phase is critical for re-establishing your digital life and, more importantly, for implementing security best practices to prevent future lockouts and data loss. A well-configured setup ensures your phone is both functional and secure.

Initial Setup After Reset

When your Motorola phone restarts after a factory reset, it will guide you through the initial setup process. This includes selecting your language, connecting to a Wi-Fi network, and signing into your Google Account. This is where you'll enter the credentials for the account that was previously synced to the device if FRP was triggered. If you've recovered your Google account or are setting up a new device, ensure you use an account with up-to-date recovery information.

During setup, you will also be prompted to set up a new screen lock. It is highly recommended to do so immediately. Choose a strong PIN or pattern that you can remember, or set up biometric security like a fingerprint scanner or face unlock if your device supports it. Remember that after a restart, you will typically be required to enter your PIN or pattern at least once.

Restoring Your Data

If you had a backup enabled (e.g., Google Drive backup), you will have the option during the setup process to restore your apps, call history, device settings, and more. Choose this option to bring back as much of your previous phone configuration as possible. If you manually backed up photos or other files to a computer or external storage, you will need to transfer them back to your phone after the setup is complete, typically by connecting the phone to your computer via USB or using cloud storage services.

Restoring from a recent backup is the most efficient way to repopulate your device with familiar settings and data.

Implementing Strong Security Measures

To prevent future lockouts, adopt these security best practices:

  • Use a Password Manager: As mentioned, these tools are invaluable for managing complex passwords securely.
  • Enable Biometrics: Fingerprint and face unlock are convenient and secure for daily use.
  • Regularly Update Software: Motorola frequently releases software updates that include security patches. Keep your phone updated to protect against newly discovered vulnerabilities.
  • Review App Permissions: Periodically check which apps have access to your personal data and revoke unnecessary permissions.
  • Secure Your Google Account: Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) on your Google account. This adds an extra layer of security, requiring a code from your phone or another trusted device in addition to your password when signing in from a new device.

By actively managing your device's security and data, you can minimize the risk of being locked out of your Motorola phone and protect your personal information effectively.

What is a Moto G Phone and How It Relates

The Moto G series represents Motorola's popular line of budget-friendly smartphones, known for offering solid performance and features at an accessible price point. When discussing being locked out of a Motorola phone, the principles and solutions apply across their entire range, including the Moto G family. Whether you own a Moto G, Moto G Power, Moto G Stylus, or any other variant, the underlying Android operating system and Motorola's specific software enhancements dictate the methods for troubleshooting access issues.

The Moto G Lineup and Common Features

Moto G phones are designed to cater to a broad audience, balancing cost-effectiveness with functionality. They typically run a near-stock version of Android, which simplifies the user experience and often means that standard Android troubleshooting steps are effective. Common features include reliable cameras, long-lasting batteries (especially in the 'Power' variants), and decent displays. Because they are widely adopted, issues like being locked out of a Moto G phone are frequently encountered by users, making established solutions important.

The security measures on a Moto G phone, such as PIN, pattern, password locks, and Google's Factory Reset Protection (FRP), function identically to those on higher-end Motorola devices like the Moto X or Motorola Edge series. Therefore, if you're locked out of your Moto G, the procedures outlined in this article—whether it's performing a factory reset via recovery, recovering your Google account, or troubleshooting startup issues—will be directly applicable.

How Device Security Applies to Moto G

The security framework on any Moto G phone is managed by the Android operating system. This means that when you set a screen lock, the device encrypts your data, and the lock acts as the key. Forgetting this key requires a hard reset. Similarly, FRP is tied to the Google account signed into the device, ensuring that even if the phone is reset, it can only be reactivated by the legitimate owner. This security is not a feature exclusive to premium phones; it's a standard Android protocol implemented across all price tiers, including the Moto G line.

The security features on a Moto G phone operate on the same principles as any other Android device.

For instance, if you're wondering why is my Motorola phone stuck on startup screen, the reason could be a corrupted system file or a problematic app update, which is a universal Android issue not specific to the Moto G's budget classification. The solutions, such as booting into Safe Mode or clearing the cache partition, are the same for a Moto G as they would be for a flagship model. Understanding what a Moto G phone is helps contextualize that these devices, while more affordable, are protected by the same robust Android security mechanisms.

Related Motorola Troubleshooting Topics

Beyond the primary concern of being locked out of your Motorola phone, users often encounter related issues that require specific troubleshooting. Understanding these topics can provide a more comprehensive approach to device management and problem-solving, ensuring you can handle a wider range of common smartphone challenges.

Screen Capture and Device Navigation

While not directly related to being locked out, knowing how to perform basic functions is key to managing your device. For example, how to screenshot on Motorola phones is a common query. Typically, this is achieved by pressing and holding the Power and Volume Down buttons simultaneously. This skill is useful for documenting error messages or sharing information, which can be helpful even when troubleshooting lockout situations.

Hardware-Specific Issues

Certain Motorola models have unique hardware. For example, the Motorola Razr series, with its foldable display, can experience specific motorola razr screen issues. These might include crease problems, display flickering, or touch unresponsiveness, which, if severe enough, could indirectly lead to lockout scenarios if interaction is impossible. Similarly, understanding how to remove sim card from motorola phone is a fundamental maintenance task that might be relevant if troubleshooting network issues that could accompany other problems, though it's not a direct solution for screen or account locks.

Understanding Performance and Reliability

Queries like why are motorola phones so bad, while often subjective or related to specific model generations, touch upon general user experiences with device performance and reliability. If a phone is perceived as unreliable, users might be more prone to experiencing software glitches that could lead to lockouts or startup problems. Similarly, knowing how to turn off a Motorola G phone, especially if it's frozen, is an essential skill that mirrors the first step in many lockout resolutions.

Resetting and Restoring Device Content

Even if you are not locked out, you might need to perform a factory reset for other reasons, such as selling the phone or resolving persistent software bugs. In such cases, knowing how to unlock Motorola phone after factory reset is crucial, which usually involves entering the Google account credentials due to FRP. If you've lost data and need to restore it, understanding how to restore Motorola Razr or other models involves using cloud backups or manually transferring files. This relates directly to the post-recovery setup discussed earlier.

The master code concept is also frequently queried, with searches for what is the master code to unlock a Motorola phone. However, for modern Android devices, there isn't a universal master code; security is handled by screen locks and Google accounts, not by a single, easily accessible code.

Many related troubleshooting topics reinforce the importance of basic device knowledge and standard Android protocols.